The Private Pilot Airplane (PAR) knowledge test covers a lot of ground, but the questions cluster around a handful of high-yield subjects drawn straight from the FAA Airman Certification Standards (ACS). Master these ten areas first and you'll cover the large majority of the exam.

1. Regulations (14 CFR Part 91)

The single largest chunk of the test. Know currency requirements, the documents and inspections an aircraft needs to be airworthy, required equipment, right-of-way rules, and minimum safe altitudes. Tip: the regs reward memorization — drill them until the numbers are automatic.

2. Airspace

Classes A through G: dimensions, entry and equipment requirements, and the VFR weather minimums for each. Expect scenario questions that ask you to match a situation to the right class and its rules. (See our airspace guide.)

3. Weather & weather services

Reading METARs and TAFs, recognizing fronts and stability, fog and icing conditions, and knowing where to get a legal weather briefing. (Our METARs & TAFs guide breaks down the codes.)

4. Aerodynamics

The four forces of flight, angle of attack, the stall, load factor in turns, and ground effect. Understand why a wing stalls at a critical angle of attack regardless of airspeed.

5. Aircraft systems

Engine and fuel systems, the electrical system, carburetor icing, and detonation vs. pre-ignition. Know the difference between a normally aspirated and a fuel-injected engine.

6. Flight instruments

How the pitot-static instruments (airspeed, altimeter, VSI) and gyroscopic instruments work — and, just as important, how they fail. A blocked pitot tube or static port is a classic test question.

7. Aircraft performance & weight and balance

Density altitude, takeoff and landing distance charts, and computing weight and balance to confirm you're within limits. Practice reading performance charts until it's quick.

8. Navigation

Pilotage, dead reckoning, using the E6B flight computer, magnetic vs. true course, and sectional chart symbology. Expect a few plotter-and-chart questions from the supplement.

9. Human factors & aeromedical

Hypoxia, hyperventilation, spatial disorientation, the effects of altitude and alcohol, vision and night flying, and aeronautical decision-making (ADM). These are quick points if you know the symptoms.

10. Cross-country & flight planning

Fuel reserve requirements, planning a route, lost procedures, and using available resources in flight. This ties many of the other topics together.

How to study these efficiently

Don't study them all evenly. Run a full practice sweep, let the system flag what you miss, then pour your time into your weak categories. A little daily drilling on your worst two or three subjects moves your score fast.

Frequently asked questions

Which topic has the most questions?

Regulations and airspace consistently make up the biggest share — start there.

Do I need to memorize VFR weather minimums?

Yes. They're a frequent test trap and easy points once memorized.

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